method for generating and maintaining a magnetic field

专利摘要:
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR THE FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE CCR This is a high performance reverse field configuration (CCR) system that includes a central containment container (100), two theta-pinch type training sections. diametrically opposed reverse field (200) coupled to the container (100) and two bypass chambers (300) coupled to the forming sections (200). A magnetic system includes semi-dc coils (412, 414, 416) axially positioned along the components of the CCR system, semi-dc reflection coils (420) between the containment chamber (100) and the forming sections, and mirror plugs between training sections and taps. The training sections (200) include modular pulsed power training systems that allow static and dynamic training and the acceleration of CCRs. The CCR system also includes neutral atom beam injectors (610, 640), pellet injectors (700), absorption systems (810, 820), axial plasma guns and surface flow polarization electrodes. Preferably, the beam injectors are angled towards the intermediate plane of the chamber. In operation, the CCR plasma parameters including plasma thermal energy, total particle numbers, radius and trapped magnetic flux, are sustainable at or around one (...).
公开号:BR112016006680B1
申请号:R112016006680-4
申请日:2014-09-24
公开日:2021-01-26
发明作者:Michel Tuszewski；Michl Binderbauer；Dan Barnes；Eusebio Garate；Houyang Guo；Sergei Putvinsk；Artem Smirnov
申请人:Tae Technologies, Inc.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

FIELD
[001] The modalities described in this document refer, in general, to magnetic plasma confinement systems and, more particularly, to systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of Reverse Field Configurations with superior stability, as well as confinement of particles, energy and flow. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
[002] The Reverse Field Configuration (CCR) belongs to the class of magnetic plasma confinement topologies known as compact toroids (CT). It exhibits predominantly poloidal magnetic fields and has small or zero self-generated toroidal fields (see M. Tuszewski, Nucl. Fusion 28, 2033 (1988)). The attractions of this configuration consist of its simple geometry for ease of construction and maintenance, an unrestricted natural drift to facilitate the extraction of energy and the removal of ash, and very high β (β is the ratio between the mean plasma pressure and the pressure average magnetic field within the CCR), that is, high power density. The high β nature is advantageous for economical operation and for the use of advanced aneutronic fuels, such as D-He3 and p-B11.
[003] The traditional method of forming a CCR uses reverse-field θ pinch technology, producing hot, high-density plasmas (see A. L. Hoffman and J. T. Slough, Nucl. Fusion 33, 27 (1993)). A variation of this is the translation-trapping method in which plasma created in a theta-pinch “source” is more or less immediately ejected out of one end in a confinement chamber. The translational plasmoid is then trapped between two strong magnetic mirrors at the ends of the chamber (see, for example, H. Himura, S. Okada, S. Sugimoto and S. Goto, Phys. Plasmas 2, 191 (1995)) . Once in the containment chamber, several methods of conducting current and heating can be applied, such as beam injection (neutral or neutralized), rotating magnetic fields, RF or omic heating, etc. This separation of source and containment functions offers fundamental engineering advantages for potential future fusion reactors. CCRs proved to be extremely robust, resilient to dynamic formation, translation, and violent capture events. Furthermore, they show a tendency to assume a preferential plasma state (see, for example, H. Y. Guo, A. L. Hoffman, K. E. Miller and L. C. Steinhauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 245001 (2004)). Significant progress has been made in the past decade by developing other methods of CCR formation: joining spheromaks with oppositely directed helicities (see, for example, Y. Ono, M. Inomoto, Y. Ueda, T. Matsuyama and T. Okazaki, Nucl. Fusion 39, 2001 (1999)) and conducting a current with rotating magnetic fields (RMF) (see, for example, IR Jones, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1950 (1999)) which also provides additional stability.
[004] Recently, the collision-union technique, proposed a long time ago (see, for example, DR Wells, Phys. Fluids 9, 1010 (1966)) has been significantly developed: two separate theta-pinches at opposite ends of a confinement chamber simultaneously generates two plasmoids and accelerates the plasmoids towards each other at high speed; they can then collide in the center of the containment chamber and come together to form a compound CCR. In the successful construction and operation of one of the largest CCR experiments to date, the conventional collision-union method has been shown to produce stable, long-life, high-flow, high-temperature CCRs (see.g.M Binderbauer, HY Guo, M. Tuszewski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 045003 (2010)).
[005] CCRs consist of a torus of closed field lines within a separatrix, and an annular edge layer in the open field lines outside the separatrix. The edge layer coalesces in jets beyond the CCR length, providing a natural drift. The CCR topology coincides with that of a Reverse Field Mirror plasma. However, a significant difference is that the CCR plasma has a β of about 10. The inherent low internal magnetic field provides a certain population of native kinetic particles, that is, particles with large Larmor rays, comparable to the minimum radius of CCR. These strong kinetic effects that appear at least partially contribute to the gross stability of past and present CCRs, such as those produced in the collision-union experiment.
[006] Typical past CCR experiments were dominated by convective losses with energy confinement largely determined by particle transport. Primarily, the particles diffuse radially out of the separator volume, and then are axially lost in the edge layer. Correspondingly, CCR confinement depends on the properties of linear regions of closed and open fields. The particle diffusion time outside the separator is scaled as T ± ~ a2 / D ± (a ~ rs / 4, where rs is the central separator radius), and D ± is the characteristic CCR diffusion, such as D ± ~ 12.5 pie, with pie representing the ionic whirlpool, evaluated in an externally applied magnetic field. The confinement time of TH edge layer particles is essentially an axial transit time in past CCR experiments. At steady state, the balance between radial and axial particle losses produces a separator density gradient length δ ~ (D ± TI) 1/2. The confinement time of CCR particles is scaled as (T ± TI) 1/2 for past CCRs that have a substantial density in the separator (see, for example, M. TUSZEWSKI, “Field Reversed Configurations,” Nucl. Fusion 28, 2033 (1988)).
[007] Another disadvantage of prior art CCR system designs was the need to use external multipoles to control rotational instabilities, such as rapidly developing n = 2 interchange instabilities. Thus, the typical externally applied quadripolar fields provided the magnetic restoration pressure required to slow the growth of these unstable modes. Although this technique is suitable for controlling thermal volume plasma stability, a serious problem arises with more kinetic CCRs or advanced hybrid CCRs, where a population of large, highly kinetic particles in orbit is combined with the usual thermal plasma. In these systems, the distortions of the axisymmetric magnetic field due to these multipole fields lead to dramatically rapid particle losses through stochastic diffusion without collisions, a consequence of the loss of canonical angular momentum conservation. Therefore, an innovative solution to provide stability control without accentuating the diffusion of any particles is important to take advantage of the superior performance potential of these advanced CCR concepts never before explored.
[008] Therefore, in view of the above, it is desirable to improve the confinement and stability of CCRs in order to use steady-state CCRs as a trajectory for a variety of applications include sources of compact neutrons (for medical isotope production, remediation of nuclear refuse, materials research, neutron radiography and tomography), compact photon sources (for chemical production and processing), mass separation and enrichment systems, and reactor nuclei for fusing light nuclei for future energy generation . SUMMARY
[009] The present modalities provided in this document refer to systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of new High Performance Reverse Field Configurations (CCRs). In keeping with this new High Performance CCR paradigm, the present system combines a large number of innovative ideas and means to dramatically improve the confinement of CCR particles, energy and flow, as well as providing stability control without negative side effects.
[010] A CCR system provided in this document includes a central containment container surrounded by two diametrically opposed theta-pinch forming sections and, in addition to the forming sections, two bypass chambers to control neutral density and contamination by impurities. A magnetic system includes a series of semi-dc coils that are located in axial positions along the components of the CCR system, semi-dc reflection coils between the end of the containment chamber and the adjacent forming sections, and mirror plugs which comprise compact semi-dc reflection coils between each of the forming sections and drifters that produce additional guidance fields to focus the magnetic flux surfaces towards the drifter. The training sections include modular pulsed power training systems that allow CCRs to be formed in-situ and then accelerated and injected (= static formation) or formed and accelerated simultaneously (= dynamic formation).
[011] The CCR system includes neutral atom beam injectors and a pellet injector. In one embodiment, the beam injectors are angled to inject neutral particles towards the intermediate plane. Having the beam injectors angled towards the intermediate plane and the axial beam positions close to the intermediate plane improves the coupling of plasma beams, even as the CCR plasma shrinks or otherwise contracts axially during the period injection. Also included are absorption systems, as well as axial plasma guns. Polarization electrodes are also provided for electrical polarization of open flow surfaces.
[012] In operation, the CCR global plasma parameters including plasma thermal energy, total particle numbers, plasma length radius, or with magnetic flux, are substantially sustained without decay while the neutral beams injected into the plasma and pellets provide a replenishment of particles.
[013] The systems, methods, resources and advantages of the invention will or will become apparent to an individual skilled in the art through analysis of the figures and the detailed description below. It is intended that all of these methods, features and additional advantages are included in this description, are within the scope of the invention, and are protected by the appended claims. It is also intended that the invention is not limited to the requirement for details of the exemplifying modalities. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[014] The attached drawings, which are included as part of this specification, illustrate the presently preferred modality and, together with the aforementioned general description and detailed description of the preferred modality given below, serve to explain and teach the principles of the present invention.
[015] Figure 1 illustrates the confinement of particles in the present CCR system under a high performance CCR (HPF) regime versus a conventional CCR (CR) regime and versus other conventional CCR experiments.
[016] Figure 2 illustrates the components of the present CCR system and the magnetic topology of the CCR that can be produced in the present CCR system.
[017] Figure 3A illustrates the basic layout of the present CCR system as seen from above, including the preferred arrangement of neutral beams, electrodes, plasma guns, mirror plugs and pellet injectors.
[018] Figure 3B illustrates the central containment container as seen from above and shows the neutral beams arranged at an angle normal to the main axis of symmetry in the central containment container.
[019] Figure 3C illustrates the central confinement vessel as seen from above and shows the neutral beams arranged at an angle less than normal to the main axis of symmetry in the central confinement vessel and directed to inject particles towards the intermediate plane of the central containment container.
[020] Figure 4 illustrates a schematic of the components of a pulsed power system for the training sections.
[021] Figure 5 illustrates an isometric view of an individual pulsed power formation skid.
[022] Figure 6 illustrates an isometric view of a forming tube assembly.
[023] Figure 7 illustrates an isometric view in partial section of a neutral beam system and main components.
[024] Figure 8 illustrates an isometric view of the arrangement of neutral beams in the containment chamber.
[025] Figure 9 illustrates an isometric view in partial section of a preferred arrangement of the Ti and Li absorption systems.
[026] Figure 10 illustrates an isometric view in partial section of a plasma gun installed in the derivation chamber. Also shown are the associated magnetic mirror plug and a derivative electrode assembly.
[027] Figure 11 illustrates a preferred layout of an annular polarization electrode at the axial end of the confinement chamber.
[028] Figure 12 illustrates the evolution of the flow radius excluded in the CCR system obtained from a series of external diamagnetic loops in the two reverse-field theta-pinch forming sections and magnetic probes embedded within the metal confinement chamber. central. The time is measured from the instant of the synchronized field reversal in the formation sources, and the distance z is given in relation to the axial intermediate plane of the machine.
[029] Figures 13 (a) to (d) illustrate data from a representative non-HPF discharge not sustained in the present CCR system. Shown as time functions are: (a) flow radius excluded in the intermediate plane, (b) 6 linear integrated density strings from the intermediate plane CO2 interferometer, (c) Abel inverse density radial profiles from the CO2 interferometer data, and (d) total plasma temperature of the pressure balance.
[030] Figure 14 illustrates the axial profiles of flow excluded at selected times for the same discharge of the present CCR system shown in Figure 13.
[031] Figure 15 illustrates an isometric view of the saddle-type coils mounted outside the containment chamber.
[032] Figure 16 illustrates the correlations of CCR life and pulse length of injected neutral beams. As shown, longer beam pulses produce longer life CCRs.
[033] Figure 17 illustrates the individual and combined effects of different components of the CCR system on CCR performance and the performance of the HPF regime.
[034] Figures 18 (a) to (d) illustrate data from a representative HPF discharge not sustained in the present CCR system. Shown as time functions are: (a) flow radius excluded in the intermediate plane, (b) 6 linear integrated density strings from the intermediate plane CO2 interferometer, (c) Abel inverse density radial profiles from the CO2 interferometer data, and (d) total plasma temperature of the pressure balance.
[035] Figure 19 illustrates flow confinement as a function of electron temperature (Te). It represents a graphical representation of a recently established upper scaling regime for HPF discharges.
[036] Figure 20 illustrates the CCR service life corresponding to the pulse length of neutral angular and injected angled injected beams.
[037] It should be noted that the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and that elements of similar structures or functions are generally represented by similar numerical references for illustrative purposes throughout the figures. It should also be noted that the figures are only intended to facilitate the description of the various modalities described in this document. The figures do not necessarily describe every aspect of the teachings disclosed herein and do not limit the scope of the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[038] The present modalities provided in this document refer to systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of High Performance Reverse Field Configurations (CCRs) with superior stability, as well as superior confinement and particles, energy and flow in relation to conventional CCRs. These High Performance CCRs provide a path to a variety of applications including compact neutron sources (for medical isotope production, nuclear waste remediation, material research, neutron radiography and tomography), compact photon sources (for production and processing products), separation and mass enrichment systems, and reactor cores for fusing light cores for future energy generation.
[039] Various auxiliary systems and modes of operation were explored to assess whether there is a higher containment regime in CCRs. These efforts have led to revolutionary findings and the development of a High Performance CCR paradigm described in this document. According to this new paradigm, the present systems and methods combine a large number of innovative ideas and means to dramatically improve the containment of CCR as illustrated in Figure 1, as well as providing stability control without negative side effects. As discussed in greater detail below, Figure 1 shows a particle confinement in a CCR 10 system described below (see Figures 2 and 3), operating under a High Performance CCR (HPF) regime for training and maintenance of a CCR versus operation according to a conventional CR regime for forming and maintaining a CCR, and versus particle confinement according to conventional regimes for forming and maintaining a CCR used in other experiments. The present disclosure will outline and detail the innovative individual components of the CCR 10 system and methods, as well as their collective effects. CCR System Description Vacuum system
[040] Figures 2 and 3 describe a scheme of the present CCR 10 system. The CCR 10 system includes a central confinement container 100 surrounded by two diametrically opposite reverse theta-pinch formation sections 200 and, in addition to the forming sections 200, two bypass chambers 300 to control neutral density and contamination by impurities. The present CCR 10 system was built to accommodate ultra-high vacuum and operates at typical basic pressures of 133 x 10-8 Pa (10-8 torr). These vacuum pressures require the use of double-pumped coupling flanges between coupling components, metal O-rings, high-purity internal walls, as well as careful initial surface conditioning of all parts prior to assembly, such as physical and chemical cleaning followed by vacuum cooking at 250 ° C for 24 hours and cleaning by luminescent discharge of Hydrogen.
[041] Reverse field theta-pinch 200 formation sections are standard reverse field thetapinches (FRTPs), albeit with an advanced pulsed power formation system discussed in detail below (see Figures 4 to 6). Each forming section 200 is made of standard, industrial-grade opaque quartz tubes with an inner liner of 2 mm of ultrapure quartz. The confinement chamber 100 is made of stainless steel to allow a large number of radial and tangential doors; it also serves as a flow conservator during the course of the experiments described below and limits fast magnetic transients. Vacuums are created and maintained within the CCR 10 system by a set of dry rotary thinning pumps, turbomolecular pumps and cryopumps. Magnetic system
[042] The magnetic system 400 is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2, among other resources, illustrates a magnetic flux of CCR and density contours (as functions of the radial and axial coordinates) belonging to a CCR 450 that can be produced by the system of CCR 10. These contours were obtained by a resistive Hall-MHD 2-D numerical stimulus using a code developed to stimulate systems and methods corresponding to the CCR 10 system, and consent well with the measured experimental data. As seen in Figure 2, CCR 450 consists of a torus of closed field lines inside 453 of CCR 450 inside a separator 451, and an annular edge layer 456 on open field lines 452 outside separator 451. A edge layer 456 coalesce in jets 454 beyond the length of CCR, providing a natural drift.
[043] The main magnetic system 410 includes a series of semi-dc coils 412, 414 and 416 which are located in particular axial positions along the components, that is, along the confinement chamber 100, the forming sections 200 and of the 300 taps, of the CCR 10 system. The semi-dc coils 412, 414 and 416 are powered by semi-dc switching power supplies and produce basic magnetic polarization fields of about 0.1 T in the confinement chamber 100 , in forming sections 200 and taps 300. In addition to semi-dc coils 412, 414 and 416, the main magnetic system 410 includes semi-dc reflection coils 420 (powered by switching sources) between the end of the containment chamber 100 and the adjacent forming sections 200. The semi-dc reflection coils 420 provide magnetic mirror ratios of up to 5 and can be independently powered for equilibrium conformation control. In addition, mirror plugs 440 are positioned between each of the forming sections 200 and taps 300. Mirror plugs 440 comprise compact semi-dc reflection coils 430 and mirror plug coils 444. Semi-dc reflection coils 430 include three coils 432, 434 and 436 (powered by switching sources) that produce additional orientation fields to focus the magnetic flux surfaces 455 towards the small diameter passage 442 that passes through the mirror plug coils 444. The mirror plug coils 444, which wrap around the small diameter passage 442 and are powered by a set of LC pulsed power circuits, produce strong magnetic mirror fields of up to 4 T. The purpose of coil arrangement is to firmly bundle and guide the magnetic flux surfaces 455 and final flow plasma jets 454 in the remote chambers 310 of the drifters 300. Finally, a set of “antennas” of saddle-type coil 460 (see Figure 15) is located outside confinement chamber 100, two on each side of the intermediate plane, and are fed by dc feeders. The 460 saddle coil antennas can be configured to provide a semi-static dipole or quadripolar magnetic field of about 0.01 T to control rotational instabilities and / or electron current control. The 460 saddle coil antennas can flexibly provide magnetic fields that are symmetrical or anti-symmetrical around the intermediate plane of the machine, depending on the direction of the applied currents. Pulsed Power Forming Systems
[044] Pulsed power formation systems 210 operate on a modified theta-pinch principle. There are two systems that feed each of the training sections 200. Figures 4 to 6 illustrate the main building blocks and the layout of the training systems 210. The training system 210 consists of a modular pulsed power arrangement consisting of individual units (= skids) 220 that energize a subset of coils 232 of a handle assembly 230 (= handles) that wrap around forming quartz tubes 240. Each skid 220 consists of capacitors 221, inductors 223, switches high-speed current 225 and associated driver 222 and set of discharge circuits 224. In total, each training system 210 stores between 350-400 kJ of capacitive energy, which provides up to 35 GW of power to form and accelerate CCRs. The coordinated operation of these components is achieved through a driver and state of the art control system 222 and 224 that allows synchronized timing between training systems 210 in each training section 200 and minimizes switching instability to tens of nanoseconds. The advantage of this modular design is its flexible operation: CCRs can be formed in-situ and then accelerated and injected (= static formation) or formed and accelerated at the same time (= dynamic formation). Neutral beam injectors
[045] The neutral atom beams 600 are implanted in the CCR 10 system to provide heating and current activation, as well as to develop a fast particle pressure. As shown in Figures 3A, 3B and 8, the individual beam lines comprising neutral atom beam injector systems 610 and 640 are located around the central confinement chamber 100 and inject fast particles tangentially to the CCR plasma (and perpendicular or at an angle normal to the main axis of symmetry in the central containment container 100) with an impact parameter so that the target retention zone is located well within the 451 separator (see Figure 2). Each injector system 610 and 640 is capable of injecting up to 1 MW of neutral beam power in the CCR plasma with particle energies between 20 and 40 keV. The 610 and 640 systems are based on extraction sources with multiple positive ion openings and use geometric focusing, inert cooling of the ion extraction networks and differential pumping. Without considering the use of different plasma sources, the 610 and 640 systems are primarily differentiated by their physical design to satisfy their respective mounting locations, producing superior and lateral injection capabilities. Typical components of these neutral beam injectors are specifically illustrated in Figure 7 for side injector systems 610. As shown in Figure 7, each individual neutral beam system 610 includes an RF 612 plasma source at one input end (it is replaced by an arc source on 640 systems) with a magnetic screen 614 covering the end. An optical ion source and acceleration network 616 are coupled to the plasma source 612 and a through valve 620 is positioned between the optical ion source and acceleration network 616 and a neutralizer 622. A deflection magnet 624 and a deposit of ions 628 are located between the neutralizer 622 and a sighting device 630 at the outlet end. A cooling system comprises two cryo-chillers 634, two cryo-panels 636 and an LN2 enclosure 638. This flexible design allows operation over a wide range of CCR parameters.
[046] An alternative configuration for neutral atom beam injectors 600 is one that injects fast particles tangentially to the CCR plasma, but with an angle A less than 90 ° to the main axis of symmetry in the central confinement vessel 100. These types of orientations for the 615 beam injectors are shown in Figure 3C. In addition, the beam injectors 615 can be oriented so that the beam injectors 615 on either side of the intermediate plane of the central containment container 100 inject their particles towards the intermediate plane. Finally, the axial position of these beam systems 600 can be chosen closer to the intermediate plane. These alternative injection modalities facilitate a more central supply option, which provides a better coupling of the beams and a greater trapping efficiency of the fast injected particles. In addition, depending on the angle and axial position, this arrangement of the 615 beam injectors allows for more direct and independent control of the axial elongation and other characteristics of the CCR 450. For example, injecting the beams at a shallow angle A in relation to the axis of The main symmetry of the container will create a CCR plasma with a longer axial extension and a lower temperature while choosing a more perpendicular angle A will lead to an axially shorter, but warmer, plasma. In this way, the injection angle A and the location of the 615 beam injectors can be optimized for different purposes. In addition, this angling and positioning of the 615 beam injectors can allow higher energy beams (which are generally more favorable to deposit more power with a smaller beam divergence) to be injected into smaller magnetic fields than would be needed to trap these beams . This is due to the fact that the azimuth component of the energy that determines a fast ion orbital scale (which becomes progressively smaller as the injection angle in relation to the main axis of symmetry of the container is reduced by a constant beam energy) . Additionally, the angled injection towards the intermediate plane and with axial beam positions close to the intermediate plane improves the plasma-beam coupling, even as the CCR plasma shrinks or, otherwise, axially contracts during the period of injection. Pellet injector
[047] To provide a means to inject new particles and improve control of the CCR particle inventory, a 12-barrel 700 pellet injector (see, for example, I. Vinyar et al., “Pellet Injectors Developed at PELIN for JET, TAE, and HL-2A, ”Proceedings of the 26th Fusion Science and Technology Symposium, 9/27 to 10/1 (2010)) is used in the CCR 10 system. Figure 3 illustrates the layout of the 700 pellet injector in the CCR 10 system. The cylindrical pellets (D ~ 1 mm, L ~ 1 to 2 mm) are injected into the CCR with a speed in the range of 150 to 250 km / s. Each individual pellet contains about 5x10 0 hydrogen atoms, which is comparable to the CCR particle inventory. Absorption systems
[048] It is known that neutral halo gas is a serious problem in all containment systems. The load exchange and recycling processes (releasing cold impurity material from the wall) can have a devastating effect on energy and particle confinement. In addition, any significant density of neutral gas at or near the edge will lead to immediate loss of life, or at least considerably shorten it, of large orbit particles injected (high energy) (large orbit refers to particles having orbits in the scale of the CCR topology or at least much larger orbital rays than the characteristic magnetic field gradient length scale) - a fact that is detrimental to all energy plasma applications, including fusion through auxiliary beam heating.
[049] Surface conditioning consists of a means by which the harmful effects of neutral gas and impurities can be controlled or reduced in a containment system. In this sense, the CCR 10 system provided in this document employs deposition systems for Titanium and Lithium 810 and 820 that coat the plasma coating surfaces of the confinement chamber (or container) 100 and derivatives 300 with films (thickness of tens of micrometers) of Ti and / or Li. The coatings are obtained through vapor deposition techniques. Li and / or Ti solids are evaporated and / or sublimated and sprayed on nearby surfaces to form the coatings. The sources are atomic furnaces with guide nozzles (in the case of Li) 822 or heated solid spheres with a guide shell (in the case of Ti) 812. Li evaporator systems typically operate in a continuous mode while Ti sublimators are predominantly operated intermittently between the plasma operation. The operating temperatures of these systems are above 600 ° C for fast deposition rates. To obtain good wall coverage, multiple strategically located evaporator / sublimation systems are required. Figure 9 details a preferred arrangement of the 810 and 820 absorption deposition systems in the CCR 10 system. The coatings act as absorption surfaces and effectively pump atomic and molecular hydrogen species (H and D). Coatings also reduce other typical impurities, such as carbon and oxygen, to negligible levels. Mirror Plugs
[050] As stated above, the CCR 10 system employs sets of mirror coils 420, 430 and 444 as shown in Figures 2 and 3. A first set of mirror coils 420 is located at the two axial ends of the confinement chamber 100 and is energized independently of containment coils 412, 414 and 416 of the main magnetic system 410. The first set of mirror coils 420 primarily helps to direct and axially contain the CCR 450 during joining and provides equilibrium conformation control during support. The first set of mirror coils 420 produces nominally higher magnetic fields (around 0.4 to 0.5 T) than the central confinement field produced by the central containment coils 412. The second set of mirror coils 430, which includes three compact semi-dc reflection coils 432, 434 and 436, are located between forming sections 200 and taps 300 and are driven by a common switching power supply. Mirror coils 432, 434 and 436, next to the more compact pulsed mirror plug coils 444 (powered by a capacitive power supply) and physical constriction 442 form mirror plugs 440 that provide a narrow low gas conductance path with very high magnetic fields (between 2 and 4 T with response times of around 10 to 20 ms). Most compact pulsed mirror coils 444 have compact radial dimensions, a 20 cm hole and a similar length, compared to the meter-plus-scale hole and pancake design of confining coils 412, 414 and 416. The purpose of mirror 440 is varied: (1) Coils 432, 434, 436 and 444 tightly bundle and guide the magnetic flux 452 surfaces and final flow plasma jets 454 in the remote branch chambers 300. This ensures that the exhaust particles reach the derivators 300 appropriately and that there are continuous flow surfaces 455 that run from the open field line region 452 of the central CCR 450 to the derivatives 300. (2) The physical constraints 442 in the CCR system 10, through which these coils 432, 434, 436 and 444 allow the passage of the magnetic flux surfaces 452 and plasma jets 454, provide an impediment to a flow of neutral gas from the plasma pistols 350 that sit on the drifters 300 In the same arrangement, constraints 442 prevent a backflow of gas from formation sections 200 to drifters 300, thereby reducing the number of neutral particles that need to be introduced throughout the CCR system 10 when starting the initialization of a CCR. (3) The strong axial mirrors produced by coils 432, 434, 436 and 444 reduce particle losses and thereby reduce parallel particle diffusion in open field lines. Axial plasma guns
[051] Plasma flows from pistols 350 mounted in drift chambers 310 of drifters 300 are intended to improve the stability and performance of neutral beams. Guns 350 are mounted on the geometric axis inside chamber 310 of shunt 300 as shown in Figures 3 and 10 and produce plasma flowing along open flow lines 452 in shunt 300 and towards the center of confinement chamber 100. Guns 350 operate on a high-density gas discharge in a cell washer channel and are designed to generate several kiloampères of fully ionized plasma for 5 to 10 ms. The pistols 350 include a pulsed magnetic coil that corresponds to the output plasma flow with the desired size of the plasma in the confining chamber 100. The technical parameters of the pistols 350 are characterized by a channel having an external diameter of 5 to 13 cm and up to an internal diameter of about 10 cm and provide a discharge current of 10 to 15 kA at 400 to 600 V with a piston internal magnetic field between 0.5 and 2.3 T.
[052] Pistol plasma flows can penetrate the magnetic fields of mirror plugs 440 and flow into formation section 200 and confinement chamber 100. The efficiency of plasma transfer through mirror plug 440 increases with the reduction of distance between gun 350 and plug 440 and making gun 440 wider and shorter. Under reasonable conditions, pistols 350 can distribute approximately 1022 protons / s through the 2 to 4 T 440 mirror plugs with high ion and electron temperatures of about 150 to 300 eV and about 40 to 50 eV, respectively. Guns 350 provide significant replenishment of the CCR 456 edge layer, and improved general CCR particle confinement.
[053] To further increase the plasma density, a gas box could be used to blow additional gas into the plasma flow from the 350 pistols. This technique allows for a multiple-fold increase in the density of injected plasma. In the CCR 10 system, a gas box installed on the tap side 300 of the mirror plugs 440 improves the replenishment of the CCR 456 edge layer, the formation of the CCR 450, and linear plasma tightening.
[054] Given all the setting parameters discussed previously and also taking into account that operation with only one or both guns is possible, it is readily apparent that a wide range of operating modes is accessible. Polarization electrodes
[055] The electrical polarization of open field surfaces can provide radial potentials that cause the Azimuth ExB movement that provides a control mechanism, analogous to rotating a knob, to control the rotation of the open field line plasma, as well as the core. of current CCR 450 through speed shear. To perform this control, the CCR 10 system employs several electrodes strategically placed in various parts of the machine. Figure 3 describes polarization electrodes positioned in preferred locations within the CCR 10 system.
[056] In principle, there are 4 classes of electrodes: (1) 905 point electrodes in confinement chamber 100 that make contact with particular open field lines 452 at the edge of CCR 450 to provide local charging, (2) annular electrodes 900 between confinement chamber 100 and forming sections 200 to load layers of spaced edge flow 456 in an azimuthally symmetrical manner, (3) stacks of concentric electrodes 910 in shunt 300 to load multiple layers of concentric flow 455 (thereby , the layer selection is controllable by adjustment coils 416 to adjust the derivative magnetic field in order to enclose the desired flow layers 456 in appropriate electrodes 910), and finally (4) anodes 920 (see Figure 10) plasma guns 350 (which intercept internal open field surfaces 455 close to the CCR 450 separator). Figures 10 and 11 show some typical designs for some of these.
[057] In all cases, these electrodes are driven by pulsed or dc power sources at voltages up to about 800 V. Depending on the size of the electrode and which flow surfaces are crossed, currents can be drawn in the kilo range -ampère range. Non-sustained operation of the CCR system - conventional regime
[058] The formation of standard plasma in the CCR 10 system follows the well-developed theta-pinch reverse field technique. A typical process for starting a CCR starts by activating the semi-dc coils 412, 414, 416, 420, 432, 434 and 436 for steady-state operation. The RFTP pulsed power circuits of the pulsed power formation systems 210 drive the rapidly pulsed reverse field magnetic field coils 232 to create a temporary reverse polarization of about -0.05 T in formation sections 200. At that point, a predetermined amount of neutral gas at 0.62 to 1.38 bar (9 to 20 psi) is injected into the two formation volumes defined by the quartz tube chambers 240 of the formation sections (north and south) 200 through an assembly of azimuthally oriented blowing valves on flanges located at the outer ends of forming sections 200. Next, a small RF field (~ hundreds of kilo-hertz) is generated from a set of antennas on the surface of the quartz tubes 240 to create a pre-ionization in the form of localized ionization regions within the neutral gas columns. This is followed by applying a theta-ringing modulation to the current that drives the rapidly pulsed reverse field magnetic field coils 232, which leads to a more global pre-ionization of the gas columns. Finally, the main pulsed power banks of the pulsed power formation systems 210 are induced to drive coils of rapidly pulsed reverse field magnetic field 232 to create a polarized field directly up to 0.4 T. This step can be sequenced in time so that the directly polarized field is uniformly generated along the length of the formation tubes 240 (static formation) or so that a consecutive peristaltic field modulation is achieved along the geometric axis of the formation tubes 240 (dynamic formation).
[059] In this complete formation process, the current field reversal in plasma occurs rapidly, within about 5 μs. The multigigawatt pulsed power distributed to the forming plasma readily produces hot CCRs which are then ejected from the forming sections 200 through the application of a time-sequenced modulation of the direct magnetic field (magnetic peristalsis) or temporarily increased currents in the last few coils of coil assemblies 232 near the outer axial ends of forming tubes 210 (forming an axial magnetic field gradient that points axially towards confinement chamber 100). The two formation CCRs (north and south) thus formed and accelerated expand in the larger diameter confinement chamber 100, where the semi-dc coils 412 produce a polarized field directly to control the radial expansion and provide an equilibrium external magnetic flux .
[060] Once the north and south formation CCRs arrive close to the intermediate plane of confinement chamber 100, the CCRs collide. During the collision, the axial kinetic energies of the CCRs of north and south formation are considerably thermalized as the CCRs are finally joined in a single CCR 450. A large set of plasma diagnostics is available in confinement chamber 100 to study the equilibria of CCR 450. Typical operating conditions in the CCR 10 system produce compound CCRs with a separator radius of about 0.4 m and an axial extension of about 3 m. Other characteristics are external magnetic fields of about 0.1 T, plasma densities of about 5x1019 m-3 and total plasma temperature of up to 1 keV. Without any support, that is, without heating and / or driving current through neutral beam injection or other auxiliary means, the life of these CCRs is limited to about 1 ms, the decay time of the native characteristic configuration. Experimental data of unsustainable operation - conventional regime
[061] Figure 12 shows a typical time evolution of the excluded flow radius, rΔΦ, which approximates the separator radius, rs, to illustrate the dynamics of the CCR 450 theta-pinch joining process. The two plasmoids ( north and south) are produced simultaneously and then accelerated out of the respective formation sections 200 at a supersonic speed, vZ ~ 250 km / s, and collide close to the intermediate plane at z = 0. During the collision, the plasmoids compress axially, followed by a rapid radial and axial expansion, before eventually joining to form a CCR 450. The radial and axial dynamics of the CCR 450 union are evidenced by detailed density profile measurements and bolometer-based tomography.
[062] The data for a non-sustained discharge representative of the CCR 10 system is shown as time functions in Figure 13. The CCR starts at t = 0. The flow radius excluded in the axial intermediate plane of the machine is shown in Figure 13 (a). These data are obtained from an array of magnetic probes, located inside the stainless steel wall of the confinement chamber, which measures the axial magnetic field. The steel wall is a good flow conservator in the time scales of this discharge.
[063] The densities integrated in line are shown in Figure 13 (b), from a 6-string CO2 / He-Ne interferometer located at z = 0. Taking into account the vertical CCR displacement (y) , as measured by bolometric tomography, the Abel inversion produces density outlines of Figures 13 (c). After some axial and radial agitation during the first 0.1 ms, the CCR is established with a hollow density profile. This profile is reasonably flat, with substantial density on a geometric axis, as required by typical CCR 2-D equilibria.
[064] The total plasma temperature is shown in Figure 13 (d), derived from the pressure balance and fully consistent with Thomson dispersion measurements and spectroscopy.
[065] The analysis of the total excluded flow arrangement indicates that the shape of the CCR separator (approximated by the axial excluded flow profiles) gradually develops from running track to elliptical. This evolution, shown in Figure 14, is consistent with a gradual magnetic reconnection from two to a single CCR. In fact, approximate estimates suggest that in this particular case about 10% of the two initial magnetic CCR streams reconnect during the collision.
[066] The length of the CCR constantly shrinks from 3 to about 1 m during the lifetime of the CCR. This shrinkage, visible in Figure 14, suggests that the loss of predominantly convective energy dominates the confinement of CCR. As the plasma pressure inside the separator decreases faster than the external magnetic pressure, the linear magnetic field voltage in the end regions compresses the CCR axially, restoring the axial and radial balance. For the discharge discussed in Figures 13 and 14, the CCR magnetic flux, particle inventory, and thermal energy (about 10 mWb, 7x1019 particles, and 7 kJ, respectively) decrease approximately by an order of magnitude in the first millisecond, when the CCR balance appears to decrease. Sustained operation - HPF regime
[067] The examples in Figures 12 to 14 are characteristic of CCRs in decay without any support. However, several techniques are implemented in the CCR 10 system to further improve the CCR confinement (inner core and edge layer) to the HPF regime and to support the configuration. Neutral bundles
[068] First, the fast neutrals (H) are injected perpendicularly to Bz in bundles of the eight neutral beam injectors 600. The quick neutral bundles are injected from the moment when the north and south CCRs unite in the chamber confinement 100 in a CCR 450. Fast ions, created primarily by charge exchange, have betatron orbits (with primary radii on the CCR topology scale or at least much larger than the characteristic magnetic field gradient length scale) that adds to the azimuthal current of CCR 450. After a fraction of the discharge (after 0.5 to 0.8 ms no firing), a population of sufficiently large fast ions significantly improves the stability and confinement properties of the internal CCR (see, for example , MW Binderbauer and N. Rostoker, Plasma Phys. 56, part 3, 451 (1996)). In addition, from a sustaining perspective, the beams of the neutral beam injectors 600 are also the primary means for conducting current and heating the CCR plasma.
[069] In the plasma regime of the CCR 10 system, fast ions decelerate primarily in plasma electrons. During the early part of a discharge, deceleration times in typical fast ions average orbit are 0.3 to 0.5 ms, which results in a significant CCR heating, primarily of electrons. The fast ions make great radial excursions outside the separatrix because the internal CCR magnetic field is inherently low (about 0.03 T on average for an external axial field of 0.1 T). The fast ions would be vulnerable to loss of charge exchange if the neutral gas density was too high outside the separator. Therefore, wall absorption and other techniques (such as plasma gun 350 and mirror plugs 440 that contribute, among other things, to gas control) implanted in the CCR 10 system tend to minimize edge neutrals and enable the required accumulation of fast ion current. Injection of pellets
[070] When a significantly rapid ion population is built into the CCR 450, with higher electron temperatures and longer CCR lifetimes, frozen H or D pellets are injected into the CCR 450 from the pellet injector 700 to sustain the CCR 450 CCR particle inventory. The anticipated ablation lead times are short enough to provide a significant CCR particle source. This rate can also be increased by expanding the surface area of the injected part by fragmenting the individual pellet into smaller fragments while in the pellet injector 700 injection drums or tubes and before entering confinement chamber 100, a step that can be achieved by increasing the friction between the pellet and the walls of the injection tube by tightening the bending radius of the last segment of the injection tube just before entering the confinement chamber 100. Due to the variation of the sequence and rate ignition of the 12 drums (injection tubes) as well as the fragmentation, it is possible to fine-tune the pellet injection system 700 to provide only the desired level of support for particle inventory. This in turn helps to maintain the internal kinetic pressure on the CCR 450 and the sustained operation and service life of the CCR 450.
[071] Once the ablated atoms find significant plasma at CCR 450, they become fully ionized. The resulting cold plasma component is then collisionally heated by the native CCR plasma. The energy required to maintain a desired CCR temperature is essentially supplied by the beam injectors 600. In this sense, the pellet injectors 700 together with the neutral beam injectors 600 form the system that maintains a steady state and sustains the CCR 450. Saddle coils
[072] To achieve a steady-state current, conduct and maintain a required ion current, it is desirable to avoid or significantly reduce the upward spin of electrons due to the ionic electron friction force (resulting from the transfer of ionic electron momentum collisional). The CCR 10 system uses an innovative technique to provide an electron rupture through an externally applied static dipole or quadripolar magnetic field. This is done through the external saddle-type coils 460 described in Figure 15. The radial magnetic field transversely applied from the saddle-type coils 460 induces an axial electric field in the rotating CCR plasma. The resulting axial electron current interacts with the radial magnetic field to produce an azimuth breaking force on the electrons, Fθ = -αVeθ <| Brl2>. For typical conditions in the CCR 10 system, the applied magnetic dipolar (or quadripolar) field required within the plasma need only be of the order of 0.001 T to provide adequate electron disruption. The corresponding external field of about 0.015 T is small enough not to cause considerable losses of rapid particles or, otherwise, negatively impact the confinement. In fact, the applied dipolar (or quadripolar) magnetic field contributes to suppress instabilities. In combination with tangential neutral beam injection and axial plasma injection, the saddle-type 460 coils provide an additional level of control over current maintenance and stability. Mirror Plugs
[073] The design of pulsed coils 444 within mirror plugs 440 allows local generation of high magnetic fields (2 to 4 T) with modest capacitive energy (about 100 kJ). For the formation of magnetic fields typical of the present operation of the CCR 10 system, all field lines within the formation volume are passing through constraints 442 on mirror plugs 440, as suggested by the magnetic field lines in Figure 2 and the contact plasma wall does not occur. Additionally, mirror tandem plugs 440 with semi-dc lead magnets 416 can be adjusted to guide field lines at lead electrodes 910, or to extend field lines in a cusp end configuration (not shown). The latter improves stability and suppresses parallel electron thermal conduction.
[074] The 440 mirror plugs themselves also contribute to the control of neutral gas. The mirror plugs 440 allow better use of the blown deuterium gas in the quartz tubes during the formation of CCR, since the gas backflow in the taps 300 is significantly reduced by the small gas conductance of the plugs (scant 500 L / s ). Most of the residual gas blown into the formation tubes 210 is rapidly ionized. In addition, the high-density plasma that flows through the mirror plugs 440 provides efficient neutral ionization, thus an effective gas barrier. As a result, most of the neutrals recycled in drifters 300 from the CCR 456 edge layer do not return to confinement chamber 100. In addition, the neutrals associated with the operation of the plasma guns 350 (as discussed below) will be mainly confined to 300 drifters.
[075] Finally, mirror plugs 440 tend to improve CCR edge layer confinement. With mirror ratios (plug / magnetic confinement fields) in the range 20 to 40, and with a length of 15 m between the north and south mirror plugs 440, the particle confinement time in the TH edge layer increases to an order of magnitude. Perfecting TH readily increases the confinement of CCR particles.
[076] Assuming a radial diffuse particle loss (D) from the separator volume 453 balanced by the axial loss (TH) from the edge layer 456, we get (2πrsLs) (Dns / δ) = ( 2πrsLsδ) (ns / TH), from which the separatrix density gradient length can be rewritten as δ = (DTH) 1/2. Here rs, Ls and ns are: separator radius, separator length and separator density, respectively. The confinement time of CCR particles is tN = [πrs2Ls <n>] / [(2πrsLs) (Dns / δ)] = (<n> / ns) (Trcii) 1/2, where T ± = a2 / D with a = rs / 4. Physically, perfecting th leads to an increased δ (reduced separatrix density gradient and fluctuation parameter), and therefore reduced CCR particle loss. The general improvement in confinement of CCR particles is generally somewhat less than quadratic because ns increases with th.
[077] A significant improvement in th also requires that the 456 edge layer remains excessively stable (ie, no n = 1 streak, fire extinguisher, or other MHD instability typical of open systems). The use of 350 plasma guns provides this preferred edge stability. In this sense, the mirror plugs 440 and the plasma gun 350 form an effective edge control system. Plasma Pistols
[078] The 350 plasma guns improve the stability of the CCR 454 exhaust jets by linear tightening. Plasmas from plasma guns 350 are generated without an azimuth angular momentum, which is useful in controlling rotational CCR instabilities. As such, pistols 350 are an effective means of controlling CCR stability without the need for an older quadripolar stabilization technique. As a result, the plasma guns 350 make it possible to take advantage of the beneficial effects of fast particles or access the advanced hybrid CCR kinetic CCR regime as set out in this disclosure. Therefore, plasma guns 350 allow the CCR 10 system to be operated with saddle-type coil currents suitable for electron rupture, but below the threshold that would cause CCR instability and / or lead to dramatic rapid particle diffusion.
[079] As mentioned in the Mirror Plug discussion, if TH can be significantly improved, the pistol plasma provided would be comparable to the edge layer particle loss rate (~ 1022 / s). The life of the gun-produced plasma in the CCR 10 system is in the range of milliseconds. In fact, gun plasma with a density of ne ~ 1013 cm-3 and an ion temperature of about 200 eV is considered, confined between the end mirror plugs 440. The loop length L and the mirror ratio R are about 15 m and 20, respectively. The average free path of ions due to Coulomb collisions is equal to ÀÜ ~ 6x103 cm and, since ÀülnR / R <L, the ions are confined in the dynamic gas regime. The plasma confinement time in this regime is equal to tgd ~ RL / 2Vs ~ 2 ms, where Vs is the ion sound speed. For comparison, the classical ion confinement time for these plasma parameters would be tc ~ 0.5tii (lnR + (lnR) 0.5) ~ 0.7 ms. Anomalous transverse diffusion can, in principle, shorten the plasma confinement time. However, in the CCR 10 system, the Bohm diffusion rate is assumed, the estimated cross-confinement time for the gun plasma is equal to T ±> Tgd ~ 2 ms. Thus, the pistols would provide significant replenishment of the CCR 456 edge layer, and improved overall CCR particle confinement.
[080] Additionally, gun plasma flows can be adjusted in about 150 to 200 microseconds, allowing use in CCR initialization, translation, and splicing in confinement chamber 100. If set to about t ~ 0 ( main bank initiation of CCR), gun plasmas help support the present dynamically formed and joined CCR 450. The combined particle inventories from the forming CCRs and the guns are suitable for neutral beam capture, plasma heating and long support. If set to t in the range of -1 to 0 ms, gun plasmas can fill the quartz tubes 210 with plasma or ionize the blown gas in the quartz tubes, thus allowing the formation of CCR with reduced blown gas or maybe even equal to zero. The latter may require plasma formation sufficiently cold to allow rapid diffusion of the reverse polarized magnetic field. If set to t <-2 ms, the plasma flows could fill the linear field volume of about 1 to 3 m3 of the formation and confinement regions of formation sections 200 and confinement chamber 100 with a target plasma density some 1013 cm-3, enough to allow a neutral beam to accumulate before the arrival of the CCR. The forming CCRs could then be formed and translated into the resulting containment container plasma. In this way, the plasma guns 350 allow for a wide variety of operating conditions and parameter regimes. Electrical polarization
[081] Controlling the radial electric field profile in the 456 edge layer is beneficial in several ways for CCR stability and confinement. Due to the innovative polarization components deployed in the CCR 10 system, it is possible to apply a variety of deliberate distributions of electrical potentials to a group of open field surfaces along the machine from areas extremely outside the central confinement region in the chamber confinement 100. In this way, the radial electric fields can be generated through the edge layer 456 outside the CCR 450. Then, these radial electric fields modify the azimuthal rotation of the edge layer 456 and effect their confinement through the ExB shear speed. . Any differential rotation between the edge layer 456 and the CCR core 453 can then be transmitted into the CCR plasma by shear. As a result, control of the 456 edge layer directly impacts the CCR 453 core. Additionally, since free energy in the plasma rotation can also be responsible for instabilities, this technique provides a direct means to control the principle and development of instabilities. In the CCR 10 system, an appropriate edge polarization provides effective control of transport and linear rotation in the field, as well as the rotation of the CCR core. The location and shape of the various electrodes 900, 905, 910 and 920 provided allow the control of different groups of 455 flow surfaces and in different and independent potentials. In this way, a wide array of different configurations and electric field resistances can be designed, each with a different characteristic impact on plasma performance.
[082] A fundamental advantage of these innovative polarization techniques is the fact that the plasma behavior of the core and edge can be carried out outside the CCR plasma, that is, there is no need to put physical components in contact with the central hot plasma ( which would have serious implications for energy, flow and particle losses). This represents a major beneficial impact on performance and all potential applications of the HPF concept. Experimental data - HPF operation
[083] The injection of fast particles through beams from 600 neutral beam guns plays an important role in enabling the HPF regime. Figure 16 illustrates this. A set of curves is described that show how the life span of CCR correlates with the length of the beam pulses. All other operating conditions are kept constant for all discharges that comprise this study. The data is averaged over many shots and therefore represents typical behavior. It is clearly evident that a longer beam life produces CCRs with a longer lifespan. Observing this evidence, as well as other diagnoses during this study, it is shown that the bundles increase stability and reduce losses. The correlation between the beam pulse length and the CCR life is not perfect as the beam trapping becomes ineffective below a certain plasma size, that is, as the CCR 450 shrinks in physical size, not all the injected bundles are intercepted and trapped. The shrinkage of the CCR occurs primarily due to the fact that the loss of net energy (~ 4 MW about half of the discharge) from the CCR plasma during the discharge is somehow greater than the total power fed to the CCR through the beams neutral (~ 2.5 MW) for the particular experimental setting. Locating the beams closer to the intermediate plane of the container 100 would tend to reduce these losses and extend the life of CCR.
[084] Figure 17 illustrates the effects of different components to achieve the HPF regime. A family of typical curves is shown that describe the service life of the CCR 450 as a function of time. In all cases, a constant and modest amount of beam power (about 2.5 MW) is injected over the entire duration of each discharge. Each curve is representative of a different combination of components. For example, operation of the CCR 10 system without any mirror plugs 440, plasma guns 350 or absorption of the absorption systems 800 results in a rapid principle of rotational instability and loss of the CCR topology. The addition of 440 mirror plugs only slows down the instability principle and increases confinement. The use of a combination of mirror plugs 440 and a plasma gun 350 further reduces instabilities and extends the life of CCR. Finally, the addition of absorption (Ti in this case) at the top of gun 350 and plugs 440 produces the best results - the resulting CCR is free from instability and exhibits the longest service life. It is clear from this experimental demonstration that the complete combination of components produces the best effect and gives the beams the best target conditions.
[085] As shown in Figure 1, the recently found HPF regime exhibits dramatically improved transport behavior. Figure 1 illustrates the change in particle confinement time in the CCR 10 system between the conventional regime and the HPF regime. As can be seen, a factor of 5 has improved considerably in the HPF regime. In addition, Figure 1 details the particle confinement time in the CCR 10 system in relation to the particle confinement time in previous conventional CCR experiments. In relation to these other machines, the HPF regime of the CCR 10 system has improved confinement by a factor between 5 and close to 20. Finally and most importantly, the nature of the confinement escalation of the CCR 10 system in the HPF regime is dramatically different from all previous measurements. Before the establishment of the HPF regime in the CCR 10 system, several empirical scheduling laws were derived from the data to predict the confinement times in previous CCR experiments. All scheduling rules depend mainly on the R2 / pi ratio, where R is the radius of the null magnetic field (a free measurement of the physical scale of the machine) and pi is the Larmor radius of ions evaluated in the externally applied field (a free measurement of the applied magnetic field). It is clear from Figure 1 that a long confinement in conventional CCRs is possible only in large engine size and / or high magnetic field. The operation of the CCR 10 system in the conventional CCR CR regime tends to follow these scheduling rules, as shown in Figure 1. However, the HPF regime is vastly superior and shows that much better confinement is achievable without a large size high magnetic fields. Most importantly, it is also clear from Figure 1 that the HPF regime results in an improved confinement time with reduced plasma size compared to the CR regime. Similar trends are also visible for flow and energy confinement times, as described below, which considerably increased a factor of 3 to 8 in the CCR 10 system. Therefore, the progress of the HPF regime allows the use of modest beam power, lower magnetic fields and smaller size to support and maintain CCR balances in the CCR 10 system and future upper energy machines. These improvements result in lower operating and construction costs, as well as reduced engineering complexity.
[086] For further comparison, Figure 18 shows data from a representative HPF regime discharge in the CCR 10 system as a function of time. Figure 18 (a) describes the flow radius excluded in the intermediate plane. For these longer lead times, the conducting steel wall no longer consists of a good flow conservator and the magnetic probes inside the wall are augmented with probes outside the wall to properly consider the diffusion of magnetic flux through the steel. Compared to typical performance in the conventional CR regime, as shown in Figure 13, the HPF regime operating mode exhibits 400% longer life.
[087] A strand representative of the linear integrated density trace is shown in Figure 18 (b) with its Abel inverse complement, the density contours, in Figure 18 (c). Compared to the conventional CCR CR regime, as shown in Figure 13, the plasma is more quiescent along the pulse, indicative of a very stable operation. The peak density is also slightly lower in HPF shots - this is a consequence of the warmer total plasma temperature (up to a fact of 2) as shown in Figure 18 (d).
[088] For a respective discharge illustrated in Figure 18, the energy, particle and flow confinement times are 0.5 ms, 1 ms and 1 ms, respectively. At a reference time of 1 ms at discharge, the stored plasma energy is equal to 2 kJ while the losses are about 4 MW, making this target quite suitable for neutral beam support.
[089] Figure 19 summarizes all the advantages of the HPF regime in the form of a recently established experimental HPF flow confinement schedule. As can be seen in Figure 19, based on the measurements taken before and after t = 0.5 ms, that is, t <0.5 ms and> 0.5 ms, the flow confinement (and, similarly, confinement of particles and energy confinement) scale with approximately the square of the Electron Temperature (Te) for a given separator radius (rs). This strong scaling with a positive Te power (not a negative power) is completely opposite to that exhibited by conventional tokomaks, where confinement is typically inversely proportional to the power portion of the electron temperature. The manifestation of this scaling is a direct consequence of the HPF state and a large orbiting ion population (that is, orbits on the CCR topology scale and / or at least the characteristic magnetic field gradient length scale). Fundamentally, this new scaling favors substantially high operating temperatures and enables reactors with relatively modest dimensions.
[090] With the advantages, the HPF regime features a CCR lift or a steady state triggered by neutral beams and using an appropriate pellet injection is achievable, meaning global plasma parameters, such as plasma thermal energy, total particle numbers , radius and length of plasma as well as magnetic flux are sustainable at reasonable levels without substantial decay. For comparison, Figure 20 shows data in Graph A from a representative HPF regime discharge in the CCR system 10 as a time function and in Graph B for a representative HPF regime discharge projected in the CCR system 10 as a function of time where CCR 450 is sustained without a decay through the duration of the neutral beam pulse. For graph A, the neutral beams with a total power in the range of about 2.5 to 2.9 MW were injected into the CCR 450 for an active beam pulse length of about 6 ms. The diamagnetic plasma life in graph A was about 5.2 ms. More recent data show a plasma diamagnetic life of about 7.2 ms is achievable with an active beam pulse length of about 7 ms.
[091] As noted earlier in relation to Figure 16, the correlation between beam pulse length and CCR life is not perfect as beam trapping becomes ineffective below a certain plasma size, that is, as the CCR 450 shrinks in physical size, not all of the injected bundles are intercepted and trapped. The CCR's shrinkage or decay occurs primarily due to the fact that the loss of net energy (- 4 MW about half of the discharge) from the CCR plasma during the discharge is somehow greater than the total power fed to the CCR through of neutral beams (~ 2.5 MW) for the particular experimental adjustment. As noted in relation to Figure 3C, the angled beam injection from the neutral beam guns 600 towards the intermediate plane improves the plasma beam coupling, even as the CCR plasma shrinks or otherwise contracts axially during the injection period. In addition, an appropriate pellet refill will maintain the required plasma density.
[092] Graph B is the result of simulations performed using an active beam pulse length of about 6 ms and a total beam power from the neutral beam pistols 600 slightly greater than about 10 MW, where the beams Neutrals should inject neutral H (or D) with a particle energy of about 15 keV. The equivalent current injected by each of the beams is about 110 A. For graph B, the angle of beam injection to the geometric axis of the device was about 20 °, target radius 0.19 m. The injection angle can be changed within the range of 15 ° to 25 °. The bundles must be injected in the co-current direction in an azimuth manner. The net lateral force as well as the net axial force from the injection of neutral beam moment should be minimized. As shown in graph A, the fast neutrals (H) are injected from the neutral beam injectors 600 from the moment when the CCRs of north and south formation come together in confinement chamber 100 in a CCR 450.
[093] The simulations where the foundation for Graph B uses multidimensional hall-MHD solvers for previous plasma and balance, fully kinetic Monte-Carlo based solvers for the energy beam components and all dispersion processes, as well as a large number of coupled transport equations for all plasma species to model interactive loss processes. The transport components are empirically calibrated and extensively evaluated against an experimental database.
[094] As shown in graph B, the steady-state diamagnetic life of the CCR 450 will be the length of the beam pulse. However, it is important to note that the fundamental correlation graph B shows that when the beams are turned off, the plasma or CCR starts to decay at that moment, but not before. The decay will be similar to that observed in discharges that are not aided by a beam - probably in the order of 1 ms beyond the beam turn-off time - and it is simply a reflection of the characteristic decay time of the plasma driven by the intrinsic loss processes.
[095] Although the invention is susceptible to several modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples of these have been shown in the drawings and are described in detail in this document. However, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but, on the contrary, the invention serves to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives that fit the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
[096] In the previous description, for the sake of explanation only, a specific nomenclature is presented to provide a complete understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will become apparent to an individual skilled in the art that these specific details are not necessary to practice the teachings of the present revelation.
[097] The various features of the representative examples and the dependent claims can be combined in various ways that are not specifically and explicitly listed in order to provide additional useful modalities of the present teachings. It is also noted that all value ranges or indications of groups of entities reveal each possible intermediate value or intermediate entity for the purpose of the original disclosure, as well as for the purpose of restricting the claimed matter.
[098] Systems and methods for generating and maintaining an HPF CCR regime have been revealed. It is understood that the modalities described in this document are for the purpose of clarification and should not be considered as limiting the matter of disclosure. Various modifications, uses, substitutions, combinations, improvements, production methods without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention would be evident to an individual skilled in the art. For example, the reader should understand that the specific ordering and combination of process actions described in this document is purely illustrative, except where otherwise stated, and the invention can be accomplished using different or additional process actions, or a combination or ordering different from process actions. As another example, each resource in a modality can be mixed and matched to other resources shown in other modalities. The resources and processes known to those of ordinary skill in the art can similarly be incorporated as desired. In addition, of course, resources can be added or subtracted as desired. Correspondingly, the invention should not be restricted except in the light of the appended claims and their equivalents.

权利要求:
Claims (15)
[0001]
1. Method for generating and maintaining a magnetic field with a reverse field configuration (CCR) within a confinement chamber (100) of a system, the system FEATURED by the fact that it comprises: first and second sections of CCR formation (200) diametrically opposed coupled to the confinement chamber (100), first and second taps (300) coupled to the first and second forming sections (200), one or more of a plurality of plasma guns (350), one or more polarization electrodes and first and second mirror plugs (440), wherein the plurality of plasma guns (350) includes first and second axial plasma guns (350) operatively coupled to the first and second taps (300), the first and second second forming sections (200) and the containment chamber (100), in which one or more polarization electrodes are positioned in one or more of a confining chamber (100), the first and second forming sections (200), and the prim first and second taps (300), and in which the first and second mirror plugs (440) are positioned between the first and second forming sections (200) and the first and second taps (300), an absorption system (800 ) coupled to the confinement chamber (100) and to the first and second shunt (300), a plurality of neutral atom beam injectors (600,615) coupled to the confinement chamber (100) adjacent to the intermediate plane of the confinement chamber (100) and oriented to inject beams of neutral atoms towards the intermediate plane at an angle of about 15 ° to 25 ° less than normal to a longitudinal axis of the confining chamber (100), and a magnetic system (410) comprising a plurality of semi-dc coils (432, 434, 436 and 444) positioned around the containment chamber (100), the first and second forming sections (200), and the first and second derivatives (300), first and second semi-dc reflection coil sets (432,434.43 6 and 444) are positioned between the confinement chamber (100) and the first and second forming sections (200), the method comprising the steps of: forming a CCR around a plasma in the confinement chamber (100), in that the CCR plasma is spaced in relation to the wall of the confinement chamber (100), and keep the CCR at or around a constant value without decay by injecting beams of fast neutral atoms from neutral beam injectors into the plasma of CCR at an angle of about 15 ° to 25 ° less than normal to the longitudinal axis of the confinement chamber (100) and towards the intermediate plane of the confinement chamber (100).
[0002]
2. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it also comprises the step of one of generating a magnetic field inside the chamber with semi-dc coils extending around the chamber, or generating a magnetic field inside the chamber, the first and second forming sections (200) and derivatives with semi-dc coils extending around the chamber, the forming sections and the diverters.
[0003]
3. Method, according to claims 1 and 2, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it further comprises the step of generating a magnetic field mirrored at opposite ends of the chamber with semi-dc reflection coils extending around the opposite ends of the chamber, or generate a magnetic field between forming sections and taps with semidc reflection coils, or generate a mirror plug magnetic field in a constriction between the forming sections and diverters with semi-dc mirror plug coils extending around the constriction between the training sections and the diverters.
[0004]
4. Method according to claims 1 to 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the CCR formation step includes at least one of forming a forming CCR in the first forming section coupled to one end of the containment chamber (100) and accelerate the formation CCR towards the intermediate plane of the chamber to form the CCR or form first and second formation CCRs in a first and second formation sections (200) to the opposite end of the confinement chamber (100) and accelerate the first and second training CCRs towards the middle plane of the chamber where the two training CCRs come together to form the CCR or where the step of forming the CCR includes one among forming a training CCR while accelerating the training CCR towards the intermediate plane of the chamber and form a formation CCR, then accelerate the formation CCR towards the intermediate plane of the chamber.
[0005]
5. Method, according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it also comprises the step of guiding the CCR magnetic flux surfaces in a derivator coupled to the end of the first forming section or guiding the magnetic flux surfaces of the CCR CCR on taps coupled to the ends of the first and second forming sections (200).
[0006]
6. Method, according to claims 1 to 5, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it also comprises at least one of the steps of conditioning the internal surfaces of the chamber, formation sections and derivatives with the absorption system (800) or conditioning of the internal chamber surfaces, forming sections and derivatives with the absorption system (800), where the absorption system (800) includes one among a titanium deposition system and a lithium deposition system.
[0007]
7. Method, according to claims 1 to 6, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it also comprises the step of axially injecting plasma into the CCR from the axially mounted plasma guns.
[0008]
8. Method, according to claims 1 to 7, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it also comprises a step between controlling the radial electric field profile in a CCR edge layer with the polarized electrodes or controlling the radial electric field profile in an edge layer of the CCR by applying an electrical potential distribution to a group of open flow surfaces of the CCR with polarizing electrodes.
[0009]
9. Method, according to claims 1 to 8, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the system also includes one or more of: two or more saddle-type coils coupled to the confinement chamber (100) and, a pellet gun injector. ion coupled to the containment chamber (100).
[0010]
10. Method, according to claims 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the step of maintaining the CCR also comprises the step of injecting neutral atom pellets from the petel injector into the CCR.
[0011]
11. Method, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it also comprises the step of generating one of a dipolar magnetic field and a quadripolar magnetic field inside the chamber with the saddle-type coils attached to the chamber.
[0012]
12. Method according to claims 1 to 11, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the step of maintaining the CCR at or around a constant value without a decay by injection of fast neutral atom beams includes maintaining the CCR at or around around a constant value without decay while the bundles of neutral atoms are injected into the CCR.
[0013]
13. Method, according to claims 1 to 11, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the training section comprises modularized training systems to generate a CCR and to move towards an intermediate plane of the confinement chamber (100).
[0014]
14. Method, according to claim 13, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the training system comprises one among pulsed power training systems, or a plurality of power and control units coupled to the individual ones of a plurality of handle assemblies for energize a set of coils of those individual from the plurality of loop assemblies wrapped around the elongated tube of the first and second forming sections (200), or a plurality of power and control units coupled to the individual ones from a plurality of loop assemblies to energize a set of coils of those individual among the plurality of loop assemblies wrapped around the elongated tube of the first and second forming sections (200), in which individual units of the plurality of power and control units comprise a drive system and control, or a plurality of power and control units coupled to those individual between a plurality of loop assemblies to energize a set of coils of those individual out of the plurality of loop assemblies wrapped around the elongated tube of the first and second forming sections (200), wherein individual units of the plurality of power units and control systems comprise a drive and control system, in which the drive and control systems of those individual among the plurality of power and control units are synchronized to allow the formation of static CCR in which the CCR is formed and, then, a formation of Injected or dynamic CCR in which the CCR is formed and transferred simultaneously.
[0015]
15. Method, according to claims 1 to 11, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the polarization electrodes include one or more of one or more point electrodes positioned inside the containment chamber to contact open field lines, a set of electrodes between the containment chamber (100) and the first and second forming sections (200) to load layers of spaced edge flow in an azimuthally symmetrical mode, a plurality of concentric stacked electrodes positioned on the first and second divers (300) for load multiple layers of concentric flow, and plasma gun anodes to intercept the open flow.

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法律状态:
2018-11-06| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2020-05-12| B25D| Requested change of name of applicant approved|Owner name: TAE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (US) |

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2020-05-19| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-12-08| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-01-26| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 24/09/2014, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US201361881874P| true| 2013-09-24|2013-09-24|

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US61/881.874|2013-09-24|

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US201462001583P| true| 2014-05-21|2014-05-21|

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US62/001.583|2014-05-21|

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PCT/US2014/057157|WO2015048092A1|2013-09-24|2014-09-24|Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance frc|

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